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Table 4

Comparison of simulation results of aerodynamic characteristics of the model.

Tire model State Speed /m · s‒1 Drag coefficient (CD) Deviation Δ% Lift coefficient (CL) Deviation Δ%
NPT model in this paper Static 14.00 0.895 0.595
22.22 0.901   0.610  
Rotating 14.00 0.783 0.501
22.22 0.794   0.514  
NPT model (Heo [21]) Static 14.00 0.868 3.11 0.618 –3.72
Rotating 14.00 0.774 1.16 0.513 –2.34
Pneumatic tire model (Axon [12]) Static 18.60 0.707 26.59 0.630 –5.56
Rotating 18.60 0.602 30.07 0.476 5.25
Spokeless tire model Rotating 22.22 0.610 30.16 0.477 7.75

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