Illustration of the parametric mapping used to generate the spring geometry. (a) Unit cells are distributed in a polar grid within the circular cross-section using coordinates (r, θ). (b) This cross-section is swept along a circular coil path, introducing the circumferential coordinate ϕ. (c) The full helical spring is formed by stacking multiple coils vertically, using the elevation coordinate h. This multi-stage mapping allows a Cartesian unit cell grid to be morphed onto a smooth helical spring with a curved lattice structure.