Numerical study of natural and mixed convection in a square cavity filled by a Cu–water nanofluid with circular heating and cooling cylinders

Open Access

Fig. 12

The streamlines and (b) isotherms inside the cavity for case 3A to 3C at different Rayleigh numbers with case of pure fluid (dashed line) and Cu–water (solid line) nanofluid with ϕ = 0.05.

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