Supplementary Material

Fig. S1. Nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectra of (a) NADES-1, (b) NADES-2, (c) NADES-3, (d) NADES-4, and (e) NADES-5.

Fig. S2. The stable configurations and the interaction energies ΔE of (a) NADES-1, (b) NADES-2, (c) NADES-3, (d) NADES-4, and (e) NADES-5.

Fig. S3. DSC curves of (a) NADES-1, (b) NADES-2, (c) NADES-3, (d) NADES-4, and (e) NADES-5.

Fig. S4. TG/DTG curves of (a) NADES-1, (b) NADES-2, (c) NADES-3, (d) NADES-4, and (e) NADES-5.

Fig. S5. (a) Dynamic viscosity curve and (b) contact angle of NADESs.

Fig. S6. Electrostatic potential maps of five NADESs.

Fig. S7. Photos showing the changes in the surface of 45# steel immersed in NADESs over time.

Fig. S8. FTIR spectra of the synthesized (a) NADES-1, (b) NADES-2, (c) NADES-3, (d) NADES-4, and (e) NADES-5 before and after the friction test.

Fig. S9. (a) Optical micrograph and (b) 3D morphology of wear tracks under 100 N.

Fig. S10. (a) Optical micrograph and (b) 3D morphology of wear tracks under 150 N.

Fig. S11. XPS spectra of worn surfaces with (a) NADES-1, (b) NADES-2, (c) NADES-3, (d) NADES-4, and (e) NADES-5.

Tab. S1. The DESs used in this study (molar ratio: 1:2).

Tab. S2. Chemical shifts (δ) and changes in chemical shifts (Δ δ) of HBAs, HBDs, and NADESs.

Tab. S3. Elemental content (%) of steel discs without wear and lubricated with NADESs.

© L. Yuan et al., Published by EDP Sciences, 2026