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All issues Volume 18 / No 7 (2017) Supplement Mechanics & Industry, 18 7 (2017) 707 Full HTML
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Mechanics & Industry
Volume 18, Number 7, 2017
STANKIN: Innovative manufacturing methods, measurements and materials
Article Number 707
Number of page(s) 9
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/meca/2017060
Published online 30 December 2017

© AFM, EDP Sciences 2017

1 Introduction

Austenitic stainless steels with high content of chromium and nickel − in particular, AISI 321 and S31600 steels − are characterized by high corrosion resistance, including at high temperatures. However, their mechanical machining presents a certain difficulty.

Austenitic steel AISI 321 (HB 180) is widely used in manufacture of products operating in operating in different corrosive media (acid, alkali, salt solutions) in the chemical industry, food industry, and civil building, but it also presents an increased interest in machine constructions and households. The chemical composition of steel AISI 321 is presented in Table 1.

A number of recent papers discuss in detail the machining of products made of steel AISI 321. In particular, Anderson et al. [1] examined in detail the process of production and heat treatment of this steel. Baitanu et al. [2] studied the specifics of heat treatment of steel and modifications of its structure and properties by heat treatments. Shahri et al. [3] studied possibility of forming nano-sized grains due to martensite-austenite transformations, with the minimum grain size (70 nm) being obtained as a result of cold rolling at −20 °C, followed by annealing at 750 °C.

Mahmoudi et al. [4] investigated the use of heat treatment to reduce intergranular corrosion. In [5], Wang et al. investigated the problems of heat treatment of steel AISI 321, in particular, the effect of nitriding on microstructure and microhardness. Lin et al. [6] considered the effect of abrasion machining in combination with low-temperature nitriding on the properties of the surface layer of steel AISI 321.

Table 1

Chemical composition of steel AISI 321.

2 Problem statement

A number of authors studied the challenges of mechanical machining of products made of steel AISI 321, primarily end milling. In particular, Holkar et al. [7] performed end milling tests using TiN-TiAlN-TiN PVD multilayer, coated, cemented, carbide end mill tools. The cutting tests were carried out at different cutting speeds (80 m/min, 100 m/min, and 120 m/min) at three different feeds (0.1 mm/rev, 0.2 mm/rev, and 0.3 mm/rev) and constant depth of cut of 0.5 mm.

Guo et al. [8] conducted dry milling of steel AISI 321 using carbide end mills with coatings. It was found that the cutting force decreases with increasing of cutting speed vc and increases with increasing feed f and cutting depth ap. The surface roughness decreased with increasing cutting speed. However, at a cutting speed of more than 160 m/min, a tendency to an increase in roughness was observed with a further increase in speed. The feed rate and the depth of cut on the surface roughness produced a slight effect.

Meanwhile, no papers have been devoted specifically to the challenges of turning steel AISI 321.

Austenitic steel 15H18N12C4TYu (HB 170) (the closest analogue S31600 steel) is used as a material for welded products operating in corrosive environments. The chemical composition of steel S31600 is given in Table 2.

While, by its composition, steel S31600 is similar to steel AISI 321, the machinability of the former is much worse. The main difference is in the presence of titanium in the composition of steel S31600, balanced with the volume of carbon and nitrogen in the steel. Steel S31600 is less prone to undesirable formation of chromium carbides at elevated temperatures and during welding (i.e., it is less prone to a phenomenon known as sensitization). Such an addition can also improve the properties at elevated temperature due to the strengthening effect on the formation of primary and secondary carbides. An interesting characteristic is the higher content of nickel and silicon, as well as a slightly higher content of carbon, in steel S31600.

The challenges of machining this steel are considered by Ech-Charqy et al. [9]. During machining at cutting modes with vc = 75–150 m/min, f = 0.05–0.2 mm/rev, and ap = 0.25–1 mm, it was discovered that an increase in cutting speed (especially higher than vc = 125 m/min) results in deterioration of surface quality and in turn impairs the corrosion resistance and increases the corrosion potential.

During the machining of the steels under study, elastic deformations occur at the first stage, and after that the stage of strain hardening begins. At this stage, cutting is possible only with a significant increase in power, while an increased wear of a cutting tool is observed. The dominant wear mechanisms are flank wear land and formation of holes, plastic deformation, chipping of cutting edge, and formation of grooves. Another problem in machining of the above steels is their low thermal conductivity, which results in a noticeable increase in temperature in the cutting zone.

The steels under study can be included in a group of hard-to-cut materials. Therefore, their machining typically involves high-performance tool materials, including materials with hard coatings.

Modified coatings for cutting tools have been employed for a long time. Many studies have been devoted to investigation of their properties and their influence on the cutting process.

A detailed review of trends and achievements in the field of research of wear-resistant coatings is given in Bouzakis et al. [10]. Additionally, a survey of coating research methods is presented by Tkadletz et al. [11]. Different mechanical properties of such coatings as (Ti,Cr,Al,Si)N [12]; (Al,Cr,Ta,Ti,Zr)N [13]; (Al,Si,Ti)N [14]; Ti-TiN-(Ti,Cr,Al)N [15,16]; Zr-(Zr,Cr)N-CrN, Ti-TiN-(Ti,Cr,Al)N [17]; Ti-(Al,Cr)N-(Ti,Al)N, Ti-(Al,Cr)N-(Ti,Cr,Al)N, Zr-(Al,Cr)N-(Zr,Cr,Al)N [18]; Zr-ZrN-(Zr,Nb,Cr,Al)N [19]; (Ti,Cr,Al)CN-(Ti,Al)N [20]; (Ti,A,lCr,Si,Y)N-(Ti,Al,Cr)N [21]; and (Al,Cr,Ta,Ti,Zr)N [22] also were the focus of studies.

As a rule, with all the abundance of coating compositions, sometimes including six or more elements, coatings with simpler compositions are more widely used. That fact can be explained by certain difficulties in deposition of complex coatings, including the difficulty in providing the stability of composition of such coatings. Furthermore, more complicated coating compositions do not always result in a significant increase in their performance properties.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the composition and architecture of nano-structured multilayer composite coatings on the tool life of carbide turning tools in longitudinal turning of AISI 321 and S31600 steels.

Table 2

Chemical composition of steel S31600.

3 Materials and methods

For generation of coatings, a vacuum-arc unit VIT-2 was used. A special process filtered cathodic vacuum-arc deposition [23–25] was used.

Table 3 presents the parameters of the process of deposition of coatings.

Based on the available experience of application of wear-resistant coatings for machining of stainless steel, the following coatings were selected:

  • TiN (thickness 4 µm);

  • Ti-TiN-(Ti,Al)N (thickness 5 µm);

  • (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N (thickness 5 µm);

  • (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N (thickness 5 µm).

Coating TiN is assumed as a “reference” coating. Coating Ti-TiN-(Ti,Al)N with a nano-structured wear-resistant layer is widely used, and it shows good results in improving the cutting properties of a tool.

Coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N has a nano-structured wear-resistant layer. The addition of aluminum (about 8 at.%) makes it possible to increase hardness and wear resistance to some extent, while the addition of niobium (about 5 at.%) increases the impact toughness and heat resistance.

Coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N has a balanced combination of high hardness and sufficient impact toughness/crack resistance. The addition of a significant fraction of zirconium (about 35 at.%) reduces the risk of diffusion destruction of chromium-containing coating during machining of chromium-containing alloy. As with the previous coating, the addition of aluminum and niobium increases the hardness and wear resistance, respectively, while providing greater impact toughness and heat resistance. Based on the previous studies [10–25], coating thicknesses of 4–5 µm were assumed as optimal for turning of steels.

For microstructural studies, an FEI Quanta 600 field emission gun scanning electron microscope was used.

The adhesion tests were conducted on a Nanovea scratch-tester. The tests were performed with a load linearly increasing from 0.05 N to the final load (40 N).

The hardness of coatings was determined by measuring the indentation at low loads according to the method of Oliver and Pharr [26].

The cutting tests were conducted on a CU 500 MRD lathe in longitudinal turning of steel AISI 321 and S31600. For the study, the cutters featured mechanical fastening of carbide inserts (WC + 12% TiC + 5% Co; Kirovgrad Carbide Plant–KZTS) with square shape (SNUN ISO 1832:2012). The following geometry of the cutting part was used: γ = −6°; α = 6°; K = 45°; λ = 0; R = 0.4 mm. The tests were conducted in longitudinal steel at cutting speeds vc = 85 m/min and 120 m/min (during machining of S31600) and vc = 100 m/min and 150 m/min (during machining AISI 321); f = 0.11 mm/rev; ap = 0.5 mm.

Flank wear land (VBc) was measured with an optical microscope MBS-10. A value of VBc = 0.3 mm was using as failure criteria.

Table 3

Parameters of stages of the technological process of deposition of coatings.

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Study of coating microstructure, chemical composition, and mechanical properties

Examination of the coatings showed that all the coatings under study (except for coating Ti-TiN) have nano-layer structures with an average thickness of their nano-layers of 66–97 nm. The microstructures of coatings on transversal cross section are presented in Figures 1–4.

The basic properties of the coatings under study are presented in Table 4.

thumbnail Fig. 1

The microstructure of coating Ti-TiN on transversal cross-section; average coating thickness: 4.0 µm.
thumbnail Fig. 2

The microstructure and distribution of elements of coating Ti-TiN-(Ti,Al)N on transversal cross section; elemental composition: Ti (75 at.%) + Al (25 at.%); average coating thickness: 5.0 µm (0.1 + 1.3 + 3.6) µm (48 sublayers, with average sublayer thickness of 66 nm).
thumbnail Fig. 3

The microstructure and distribution of elements of coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N on transversal cross section; elemental composition: Zr(87.92 at.%) + Al(7.28 at.%) + Nb(4.81 at.%); average coating thickness: 4.0 µm (1.0 + 3) µm (31 sublayers, with average sublayer thickness of 97 nm).
thumbnail Fig. 4

The microstructure and distribution of elements of coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N on transversal cross section; elemental composition: Cr(44.92 at.%) + Zr(36.71 at.%) + Al(9.2 at.%) + Nb(3.03 at.%); average coating thickness: 5.0 µm (1.0 + 4) µm (50 sublayers, with average sublayer thickness of 80 nm).
Table 4

Mechanical properties of coatings under study.

4.2 Study of cutting properties

Study of the cutting properties of carbide tools with multilayer composite nano-structured coatings indicates (Figs. 5–8) that the use of all coatings under study can increase tool life. Meanwhile, nano-structured coatings in all cases showed better wear resistance than monolithic coating TiN.

In turn, in all cases, among nano-structured multilayer coatings, the best wear resistance was shown by coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N. Despite the lower hardness in comparison with coatings Ti-TiN-(Ti,Al)N and (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N, coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N is characterized by higher values for plasticity, crack resistance, and heat resistance [27,28], and that is important for machining materials with a relatively low hardness and tendency to high temperatures in the cutting zone. Meanwhile, in turning of steel S31600 at speed vc = 120 m/min, coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N showed a lower wear rate during the initial 90 m of cutting path than coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N; however, finally, coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N showed better wear resistance. That can be explained by the fact that in the first stage of cutting, the harder coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N showed better wear resistance due to its high hardness and thickness. However, as found earlier [27,28], this coating is prone to cracking, partly because of thermal stresses, and that resulted in its increased wear at the final stage of the experiment.

It should also be noted that in all cases, nano-structured coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N showed better wear resistance as compared with coating Ti-TiN-(Ti,Al)N. An uncoated tool revealed extremely low wear resistance in the machining of steel S31600, and that makes it unreasonable to machine the above steel under the specified cutting conditions with an uncoated tool.

thumbnail Fig. 5

Dependence of wear VB on cutting path for dry turning of steel AISI 321 at f = 0.11 mm/rev; ap = 0.5 mm; vc = 100 m/min.
thumbnail Fig. 6

Dependence of wear VB on cutting time for dry turning of steel AISI 321 at f = 0.11 mm/rev; ap = 0.5 mm; vc = 150 m/min.
thumbnail Fig. 7

Dependence of wear VB on cutting time for dry turning of steel S31600 at f = 0.11 mm/rev; ap = 0.5 mm; vc = 85 m/min.
thumbnail Fig. 8

Dependence of wear VB on cutting time for dry turning of steel S31600 at f = 0.11 mm/rev; ap = 0.5 mm; vc = 120 m/min.

4.3 Study of the nature of coating failure during cutting tests

Let us consider the nature of coating failure at dry turning of steel AISI 321 at f = 0.11 mm/rev; ap = 0.5 mm; vc = 150 m/min. Coating Ti-TiN-(Ti,Al)N shows brittle fracture with formation of a network of transverse and longitudinal cracks. Meanwhile, the formation of cracks is not directed along the boundaries of nano-layers, and the coating fails “as a whole” (Fig. 9). In a number of cases, a massive accumulation of the material being machined is observed. It is important to note that in general, cracks tend to be retarded on the boundaries of TiN-(Ti,Al)N layers, without penetrating into a less solid and more plastic TiN layer.

A different mechanism of failure is typical for coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N. For this coating, the formation of longitudinal cracks, often transforming into delamination, is typical (Fig. 10). In some cases, almost complete destruction of the wear-resistant coating layer is observed (Fig. 10), accompanied by delamination along the boundary of nano-layers and separation of sufficiently large fragments. In some cases, residual pickup of the material being machined is present. However, it is less massive than for the previous coating (Fig. 10).

Finally, for coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N, the formation of delamination and extended longitudinal cracks is typical (Fig. 11). Meanwhile, almost no transverse cracks are formed. Importantly, note that for this coating, pickups are less frequent than for the previous two coatings. The observed pickup separated from the coating during the manufacture of a section, while some protruding elements of the coating were pulled out (Fig. 11). In general, the pickup separated at the boundary with the coating, although no violations of the adhesion bond of “coating-substrate” were seen. In general, given the fact that this coating showed better wear resistance under all cutting conditions, it can be assumed that a lower tendency to formation of transverse cracks (due to higher impact toughness) and lower adhesion of the coating to the material being machined have a positive effect on the cutting properties of a tool, and that is proven by the data of [27,28]. Meanwhile, the lower strength of the cohesive bonds (and the related tendency to delamination between nano-layers and formation of transverse cracks) has a smaller effect on wear resistance of a coated tool.

thumbnail Fig. 9

The nature of failure of coating Ti-TiN-(Ti,Al)N. The overall structure of the coating on the transverse section and the grid of cracks and the nature of the failure of the coating.
thumbnail Fig. 10

The nature of failure of coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N.
thumbnail Fig. 11

The nature of failure of coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N.

5 Conclusions

The study investigated the challenges of turning austenitic stainless steels AISI 321 and S31600. Mechanical machining of the studied steels is of certain difficulty because of their low thermal conductivity and, therefore, a higher temperature in the cutting zone, as well as the effect of hardening of the steels during cutting, resulting in increased wear of a cutting tool. To machine austenitic stainless steels AISI 321 and S31600, tests with carbide cutting tools were conducted, including with an uncoated tool, a tool with “reference” TiN coating, and tools with composite multilayer nano-structured coatings of various types. The tests showed that the use of coatings increases tool life by up to 2.5 times. Meanwhile, it becomes possible to machine materials at higher cutting speeds, which is unreasonable when using an uncoated tool because of its intensive wear. In all cases, multilayer nano-structured coatings showed better resistance compared with monolithic coating TiN. Multilayer composite nano-structured coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N had the best result in all tests. That result can be explained by its better plasticity, crack resistance, and heat resistance compared with harder and, at the same time, more brittle coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N. Following the study of the nature of failure of the coatings under study, the conclusion is made that the highest impact toughness and crack resistance of coating (Zr, Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N, as well as its lower adhesion to the material being machined, combined with good heat resistance, provide a tool with such coating with the best cutting properties.

Acknowledgments

This research was financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the framework of the state order in the sphere of scientific activity (Leading researchers, project 16.9575.2017/6.7).

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Cite this article as: A. Vereschaka, M. Migranov, G. Oganyan, C.S. Sotova, A. Batako, Application of carbide cutting tools with nano-structured multilayer composite coatings for turning austenitic steels, type 16Cr-10NI, Mechanics & Industry 18, 707 (2017)

All Tables

Table 1

Chemical composition of steel AISI 321.

In the text
Table 2

Chemical composition of steel S31600.

In the text
Table 3

Parameters of stages of the technological process of deposition of coatings.

In the text
Table 4

Mechanical properties of coatings under study.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1

The microstructure of coating Ti-TiN on transversal cross-section; average coating thickness: 4.0 µm.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2

The microstructure and distribution of elements of coating Ti-TiN-(Ti,Al)N on transversal cross section; elemental composition: Ti (75 at.%) + Al (25 at.%); average coating thickness: 5.0 µm (0.1 + 1.3 + 3.6) µm (48 sublayers, with average sublayer thickness of 66 nm).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3

The microstructure and distribution of elements of coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N on transversal cross section; elemental composition: Zr(87.92 at.%) + Al(7.28 at.%) + Nb(4.81 at.%); average coating thickness: 4.0 µm (1.0 + 3) µm (31 sublayers, with average sublayer thickness of 97 nm).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4

The microstructure and distribution of elements of coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N on transversal cross section; elemental composition: Cr(44.92 at.%) + Zr(36.71 at.%) + Al(9.2 at.%) + Nb(3.03 at.%); average coating thickness: 5.0 µm (1.0 + 4) µm (50 sublayers, with average sublayer thickness of 80 nm).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5

Dependence of wear VB on cutting path for dry turning of steel AISI 321 at f = 0.11 mm/rev; ap = 0.5 mm; vc = 100 m/min.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 6

Dependence of wear VB on cutting time for dry turning of steel AISI 321 at f = 0.11 mm/rev; ap = 0.5 mm; vc = 150 m/min.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 7

Dependence of wear VB on cutting time for dry turning of steel S31600 at f = 0.11 mm/rev; ap = 0.5 mm; vc = 85 m/min.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 8

Dependence of wear VB on cutting time for dry turning of steel S31600 at f = 0.11 mm/rev; ap = 0.5 mm; vc = 120 m/min.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 9

The nature of failure of coating Ti-TiN-(Ti,Al)N. The overall structure of the coating on the transverse section and the grid of cracks and the nature of the failure of the coating.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 10

The nature of failure of coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Cr,Zr,Nb,Al)N.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 11

The nature of failure of coating (Zr,Nb)N-(Zr,Al,Nb)N.
In the text

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